Selenium for cancer prevention and treatment

[COUNTRYBUMPKIN]

Selenium contains Powerful Antioxidants
for Cancer Prevention and Treatment
JoAnn Guest
Nov 21, 2004 20:10 PST
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Selenium--Powerful Antioxidant


For several years we've been telling you about the advantages of
selenium -a naturally occurring mineral with powerful antioxidant
properties.

We've told you about studies that have shown how a sufficient selenium
intake may lower the risk of prostate, breast, colorectal and lung
cancers.

Now a recent study from Indiana University Cancer Center and Indiana
University Schoolof Medicine has explored the theory that selenium
activates an important tumor-suppressing gene called p53.

Scientists estimate that the p53 gene is mutated in as much as 70% of
all cancers.

In experiments performed on human lung cancer cells, the Indiana
researchers used selenomethionine, the major component of selenium, to
treat cells that contained p53 genes, and other cells that were
deficient in p53.

Results showed conclusively that selenomethionine not only activated the
p53 protein,but also protected cells containing p53.

Based on these findings, the researchers speculate that
selenium therapy may act as a cancer preventive by enhancing
the vitality of p53 genes.

When the p53 genes function properly, cells are more likely to repair
the DNA damage that may promote cancer.

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The Versatile Antioxidant
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In addition to its excellent cancer fighting abilities, many
studies have shown that selenium's antioxidant properties may
also fight 'autoimmune' disorders and help 'increase' insulin
efficiency.
Other research has concluded that selenium may be able to stop viruses
from mutating and becoming more potent.

Clearly, the importance of selenium in our diets cannot be overstated.

Plant foods are the major dietary sources of selenium, but the amount of
selenium in any plant depends on the selenium content of the soil it's
grown in.
For instance, soils on the high plains of North America have high
amounts of selenium, while the soil in much of China contains low
amounts.

So while fresh garlic tends to contain good amounts of this mineral, the
amounts vary depending on the soil the garlic is grown in.

The Brazil nut is the undisputed selenium champ, with one ounce
containing as much as 840 micrograms (mcg) - well over the government
recommended daily intake of 50 mcg.
However, Dr. Martin L. Smith, the author of the Indiana study, noted
that the average diet probably falls short of 50 mcg per day.

Furthermore, Dr. Smith believes that in order to reap the cancer
preventive qualities of selenium, intake needs to be around 200 mcg per
day.
In other words, if you can't or don't want to add a quarter ounce of
Brazil nuts to your daily diet, you might want to add selenium to your
supplement regimen.
However you should also be aware that too much can be toxic. By too
much, I mean an intake of more than 2,500 mcg per day. So if you
currently take a multi-vitamin, check to see if you're already getting
some amount of selenium. You may be getting enough, but the chances that
you're getting near a dangerous dose are extremely slim.
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Hi, I'm from Melbourne Australia and the government regulations have
resulted in selenium only being available in 25mcg. My girlfriend has
psoriatic arthritis and she wants to supplement her diet with 400-500mcg
selenium per day in order to detoxify at its optimum.

Instead of her taking 16-20 capsules of 25 mcg selenium capsules a day,
how can we go about finding selenium with a higher mcg. I know the US
have them in 250 mcg. I could order them from the US but customs will
not allow them through.

How many Brazil nuts would be equivalent to 400mcg? What else can she
do to find the selenium intake she desires?
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Hello Rob,

Its disheartening to hear that these limitations have been imposed on
essential nutrients in your country.
As you know Selenium is a very important mineral,however it is a trace
mineral. Dr. Weil does not advise taking more than 300 mcgs of this
supplement each day. The rest of it can be obtained very easily from
foods.

In my opinion, selenium is much more easily metabolized from foods ,
notably organic eggs (organic is best due to the harmful effects of the
hormones and antibiotics in traditional eggs which only intersperse more
toxins throughout the body),
seafoods such as alaskan salmon and sardines (water packed) also contain
optimal amounts and it is also in mushrooms (medicinal mushrooms are
best) and wheat germ.

Selenium is present in Brewer's yeast and sea vegetables that are so
prevalent in the macrobiotic (Japanese) diet (kelp,dulse, etc), and
brazils and other nuts.

As you mentioned, Brazil nuts are highest in selenium content, with 8
mcgs of selenium in just one of them. The selenium in foods has no known
toxicity.

Shari Lieberman, Ph.D. claims that one can ingest up to 2,400 mcgs of
selenium in foods with no adverse effects so Brazil nuts would be the
way to go in my opinion, although organic eggs would be my second choice
of high selenium foods.
If organic is not available in your area, farmers markets sometimes
offer hormone/ antibiotic free eggs as well.

Horizon Organics website has more info...
www.horizonorganic.com

Almonds and cashews are rated moderately high in selenium although
brazils are best for this specific mineral.
It is good to remember that Vitamin E works synergistically with
selenium, both in supplements and foods.
Some seeds such as sesame and pumpkin seeds are beneficial as well.

I would recommend Udo's oils for arthritis. The essential fatty acids in
this oil blend is very beneficial for joint health!

www.udoerasmus.com
Best Regards, JoAnn
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Selenium -Shari Lieberman Ph.D
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Selenium

Selenium is present in all the tissues of the body, but is concentrated
most highly in the kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, and testes.

People do not consume enough selenium both because of the type of diet
they eat, and because of the low selenium content of the soil in which
their food is grown.

The selenium content of soil varies widely, with many areas showing
serious depletion. In fact, there have been several reports of selenium
deficiencies in livestock raised on selenium-depleted soil.
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SELENIUM FUNCTIONS AND USES
Cancer

Selenium’s best-known and perhaps most important biological function
relates to its role as an antioxidant and anticancer mineral.

As we have seen in other chapters, free radicals damage our cells,
possibly leading to the development of cancer and other degenerative
diseases. Selenium is an activating component of the enzyme glutathione
peroxidase, which protects our cells from this damage.

Many animal studies have proven that selenium deficiency increases the
incidence and rate of growth of cancers in animals that are either
exposed to a variety of potent carcinogens or receive transplanted
tumors.

Companion studies have shown that high selenium intake protects against
these cancers.
For example, in one study in which rats were exposed to a potent
carcinogen, only 15 percent of those who were also given selenium
developed liver cancer as compared with 90 percent of the unsupplemented
rats.
In another study, the occurrence of cancer was 10 percent in the
supplemented group versus 80 percent in the control group.

In yet another animal study, selenium supplementation reduced colon
cancer incidence by more than 50 percent.

In another study, selenium protected against UV-induced skin damage and
cancer, retarding the onset and number of skin lesions, and reducing
inflammation, blistering, and pigmentation.

In. humans, there is ample epidemiological evidence that high selenium
is correlated with a lower incidence of many types of cancer.
For instance researchers have found that cancer risk is significantly
lower in people living in areas with selenium-rich soil, in people with
a high-selenium food supply, and in people with higher blood levels of
selenium, when compared with people with lower intakes and blood levels.


Selenium intakes in the people studied were close to 750 micrograms per
day, with no toxic side effects noted.
In a survey that spanned twenty-seven countries, including the United
States, it was found that the cancer death rate was lower in those
people whose typical diets were high in selenium.

This and other cancer studies indicate that selenium is especially
protective against cancer of the breast, colon, and lung.

Data also suggests protection against tumors of the ovaries, cervix,
rectum, bladder, esophagus, pancreas, skin, liver, and prostate, as well
as against leukemia.

Since 1969, it has been known that the blood levels of cancer patients
are low in selenium.

In general, cancer patients with lower-than-average selenium levels have
a greater number of primary tumors, more recurrences, more distant
metastases (tumors that have spread to distant parts of the body), and a
shortened survival time.

In a study of 12,000 people conducted in Finland, the risk of fatal
cancer in people with the lowest levels of serum selenium was nearly six
times higher than that in people with the highest selenium
concentrations.

Like other nutrients, of course, selenium cannot do its work alone. In
several studies, it has been shown that selenium and vitamin E-and
perhaps vitamin A, too—have a synergistic effect.

For example, in one study, male smokers who died of cancer had lower
levels of serum selenium, vitamin A, and vitamin E, when compared with
healthy control subjects.

It is well known that vitamin E enhances the antioxidant effect of
selenium. In. addition, it has been found that supplementation with
selenium alone and with selenium plus vitamin E in excess of the RDAs
stimulates the immune system in experimental animals.

This effect is particularly pronounced when the diet is high in
polyunsaturated fats-a factor that has been linked to a higher incidence
of certain cancers.

These studies show promise for the prevention and possible treatment of
cancer with selenium supplementation. When combined with other
supplements, the anticancer effect may be even greater.

The National Cancer Inistitute is conducting ongoing "chemopreventive"
trials of several individual nutrients, including selenium, vitamin E,
and vitamin A. However, often these trials are limited to 200 micrograms
of selenium per day, which may be too low a dose to assess the potential
protective effect of this mineral.

Larger doses of selenium have been shown to be protective in animals,
and safe in humans. In addition, we are not sure of the extent to which
selenium supplementation influences the later stages of cancer
development. If its influence is strongest in the early stage, it will
be very difficult for these trials to prove the connection between low
selenium and cancer because of the long latency period for most cancers.


(For example, it may take up to fourteen years for a single breast
cancer cell to multiply and produce a tumor large enough to be detected
by currently available diagnostic methods.)

Finally, evidence of the synergism of nutrients has led many
researchers to emphasize the need to consider several nutrients in any
given diet and cancer study, instead of focusing on just one nutrient
per study.

Cardiovascular Disease

In humans, a link has been found between selenium and heart disease.
People found to have overt selenium deficiencies-alcoholics with
cirrhosis of the liver, and people receiving long-term intravenous
feeding-have also been found to suffer from heart problems that respond
to selenium supplementation.

In eastern Finland, which has one of the highest mortality rates from
heart disease in the world, it was found that low selenium in the blood
was associated with up to a six- or sevenfold increase in the risk of
death from heart disease. In addition, children in certain areas of
China in which the selenium content of the soil is low are known to
develop a heart disease called Keshan’s disease. Their heart problems,
too, respond to selenium supplementation.

Other Functions

There is some evidence that selenium may also prove effective in the
treatment or prevention of several other disorders. A study using 400
micrograms of selenium and approximately 25 international units of
vitamin E markedly improved skin conditions such as acne and seborrheic
dermatitis in the test subjects.


A Danish study examined patients with rheumatoid arthritis and found
that they had lower levels of selenium. Those with the lowest levels had
the more severe form of this disease. Moreover, a recent study conducted
in Japan suggests that selenium and vitamin E may enhance the
responsiveness of arthritis patients to conventional treatment.

A fascinating study conducted in Scandinavia showed a correlation
between low selenium levels and the incidence and severity of muscular
dystrophy; one patient who was treated with selenium supplements showed
considerable improvement after one year.

Finnish researchers have also conducted a study on elderly patients, who
were given large doses of selenium and vitamin E for one year. After two
months, researchers found an obvious improvement in their patients’
mental well-being, including less fatigue, depression, and anxiety, and
more mental alertness, motivation, and self-care. Finally, selenium has
been shown to protect against the toxic effects of mercury, arsenic, and
copper.

RDIs AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Selenium deficiency symptoms may include muscular weakness and
discomfort. Recent studies have shown that people with celiac disease-an
inborn inability to digest gluten are at high risk for low selenium,
along with other nutrients, either because their lowgluten diets are
also low in selenium, or because of their absorption problems. Down’s
syndrome patients have also been found to have low levels of selenium
and other antioxidants.

In one study, refinery workers were found to have low selenium levels in
spite of their dietary intake of 217 micrograms per day, which is more
than three times higher than the RDI.

This study indicates that because of the workers’ exposure to free
radicals on the job, their bodies were utilizing large amounts of
selenium to produce the protective enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

This suggests that exposure to "toxic environmental chemicals"
'increases' the requirement for this mineral.

The RDI for selenium is 70 micrograms for all men and women.

Food Sources: There are no accurate available measurements of the
selenium content of foods. However, it appears that the richest sources
of selenium are seafoods, organic eggs, and grass fed animal protein.
Whole grains can be good sources, but, similarly, this depends on the
selenium content of the soil in which they were grown.

The refining process strips foods of much of their selenium content.

In one study, it was found that a highly refined diet contains 61
percent less selenium than does a diet rich in unrefined foods. Cooking
also reduces the content significantly, especially if the cooking water
is discarded.

Vitamin C seems to enhance the absorption of selenium.

SUPPLEMENTS

Selenium is most often available as an individual supplement, although
some multivitamin-mineral formulas are beginning to include this
mineral. I recommend selenium in the form of selenomethionine, which is
extracted from selenium-rich yeast or ocean plants. This form is the
least toxic and appears to be the most absorbable.

OPTIMUM DAILY INTAKE-ODI

For optimum general health, the basic Optimum Daily Intake for selenium
is:
100-400 mcg for men and women living in low-selenium areas
(this includes coastal areas and glaciated areas)

50-200 mcg for men and women living in high-selenium areas



The above is excerpted from
"The Real Vitamin & Mineral Book",
by Shari Lieberman, Ph.D and Nancy Bruning,
Avery Publishing, 1997
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Selenium
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Selenium has been reported to have diverse anticancer actions.40 41
Selenium inhibits cancer in animals.

Low soil levels of selenium (probably associated with low dietary
intake), have been associated with increased cancer incidence in humans.

Blood levels of selenium have been reported to be low in patients with
prostate cancer.

In preliminary reports, people with the lowest blood levels of selenium
had between 3.8 and 5.8 times the risk of dying from cancer compared
with those who had the highest selenium levels.

The strongest evidence supporting the anti-cancer effects of selenium
supplementation comes from a double-blind trial of 1,312 Americans with
a history of skin cancer who were treated with 200 mcg of yeast-based
selenium per day or placebo for 4.5 years and then followed for an
additional two years.

Although no decrease in skin cancers occurred, a dramatic 50% reduction
in overall cancer deaths and a 37% reduction in total cancer incidence
were observed. A statistically significant 63% decrease in prostate
cancer incidence was reported.
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Role of Selenium in Detox
JoAnn Guest
May 06, 2004 17:05 PDT
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Selenium-
Powerful Detox

The buildup of toxins in our bodies over the course of years often
results in degenerative diseases. Just as emotional traumas that have
been buried for years tend to surface in midlife, asking that we examine
and change our learned behavior, so too do physical symptoms surface to
reveal the need for change in how we care for our bodies.

In either case, if we ignore the signals that something is amiss, that
something requires our attention, we do so at our own peril.

Denying pain inevitably leads to more profound pain. Unexamined fears
eventually assume monstrous proportions.
Clinging to habits that do not support growth and life bind us instead
to stagnation and death.

Clearing accumulated toxins is believed to free the body from undue
burden so that it is able to function better and regain the energy
necessary to heal itself.

Though fasting and cleansing may be one step, detoxification is not a
single event but an ongoing process that supports the body's natural
ability to effectively dispel toxins on a daily basis.

Part of that process is consciously limiting the toxins that enter the
body in the first place. Restricting or eliminating use of the usual
culprits --

caffeine, refined sugar, alcohol, drugs, tobacco, synthetic or
petroleum-based body products, and household chemicals --
is a good place to start.

Eating an organic natural-foods diet, drinking sufficient amounts of
pure spring water, and getting regular exercise are actions that begin
to facilitate detoxification.

Our bodies adjust best to gradual change, so incorporating these
practices into everyday life is recommended before embarking on a more
stringent course for flushing toxins out of your system.


The language of detoxification often suggests an attitude of
deprivation, restriction, and penance -- as if fasting and cleansing
are the price to be paid for poor choices, whether we made them years
ago or days ago. That attitude conjures images of a strict parent
demanding that we be responsible for taking care of what we have been
given.

Perhaps that model will spur us to compliance in caring for our
physical bodies, but it does not encourage mental and emotional health.

Truly caring for the self feels like nurturing, not like deprivation
or punishment. Small changes that feel like indulgences: long silent
walks, a regular massage, and/or access to a steam room or sauna may
provide a point at which caring for your physical self is a positive
experience for your whole self.

Begin there. Other shifts will occur.

Toxins are substances that interrupt or completely block the
normal metabolic functions of the body.

Metabolic "functions" include moving nutrients into our cells,
processing and eliminating wastes, producing energy, making repairs, and
growing replacement cells.

Detoxification is the processing and elimination of toxins from the
body, and it is an essential part of regaining and maintaining good
health.

Food provides the body with nutrients, which are the building blocks
for health. Nutrients are released from food through digestion.

Poorly digested foods will not only limit the amount of nutrients
available to be absorbed, but will increase the toxic burden on the body
through fermentation.

Undigested foods will not merely pass unchanged out of the body, but
will 'ferment' and produce gases and other toxic by-products, which will
be 'reabsorbed' by the body.

These digestion originating endogenous toxins, along with exogenous
toxins originating outside of the body, will burden and limit normal
bodily functions.

Toxic substances include: heavy metals, such as mercury and lead;
solvents, such as benzene; plastics, such as styrene; hormones and
chemicals acting as hormones; and, free radical compounds.

I consider free radicals to be the number one class of toxins.

A free radical is an "unbalanced" chemical structure that will pull
electrons from other structures, damaging them in the process.

Free radicals may originate from poor digestion, uncontrolled emotional
stress, and pollution from the world around us.

Oxygen has the ability to pull electrons off of other chemical
structures, which is necessary for our efficient cellular energy
production and the operation of our immune system.

While oxygen is essential for life, if uncontrolled it will create
toxic free radicals and increase our risk of developing diseases.

Free radicals will act against our bodies by directly "burning" our
cells, damaging our DNA and increasing our risk of developing diseases
through the altering of our "genetic expression".

Altered genetic expression may lead to the emergence of dormant
diseases such as cancer, Hepatitis C, and AIDS. Virtually every person
has symptoms of toxic load.

Selenium's contribution to the immune system is to *protect* the cells
against "damage" caused by oxygen-free radicals.

Selenium is an essential trace element which is normally obtained from
the diet.
However, it was not until 1979 that it was recognized as a
requirement in human nutrition. Previous to this time it was regarded as
essential to animals only. The first major breakthrough was achieved by
Dr Klaus Schwartz who discovered that liver necrosis in rats could be
prevented with the aid of a kidney extract, found to contain selenium.

As a result of Schwartz' discovery, selenium became the object of an
intense programme of research, which continues today.

In the 70's selenium deficient agricultural land presented serious
problems for the Finnish cattle industry, which were eradicated by the
addition of selenium to fertilizers and cattle feed.

Selenium has now been discovered to be part of the enzyme system that
controls "prostaglandins", which have widespread functions in the body.

Studies on animals show that selenium reduces high blood pressure and,
when combined with Vitamin E, reduces angina pectoris.

Selenium deficient animals do not 'reproduce' and in fact half a man's
body stores of selenium are found in the testes and seminal glands.

Breast milk contains up to six times as much selenium as cow's milk and
twice as much Vitamin E.

Selenium is the principal mineral anti-oxidant and free radical
*deactivator*.

It combines with glutathione and Vitamin E to form gluathione
peroxidase, the body's free radical controller. Other factors include
zinc, manganese and copper.
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Prevention of infections and blood clots.

It would appear that selenium increases the *beneficial*
prostaglandins (a regulatory factor in the coagulation of the blood) and
'decreases' the *formation* of harmful prostaglandins
(e.g. prostaglandins causing inflammation in the joints).

Low selenium levels are associated with ECG abnormalities indicative of
heart problems.
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Selenium prevents cancer.

Selenium supplementation has been effective in the prevention of many
forms of cancer.

Selenium alone can give a 50% success rate, but combined with vitamins A
& E this rises to a 90% success rate.
The incidence of cancer is more common in a sub-group of the population
with low selenium blood levels.

As has already been seen, selenium protects cells from damage by
oxygen-free radicals. It also decreases the carcinogenic *viruses* and
inhibits the *division* (metastasis) of cancer cells.


The Link between Vitamin E and Selenium

Selenium is synergistic with Vitamin E, i.e. the beneficial effect of
combined selenium and Vitamin E is greater that the added effect of each
single nutrient.

The enzyme glutathione peroxidase *requires* both selenium and Vitamin E
to function. The most efficient ratio is 100 mcg Vitamin E to 25mcg
Selenium.
(Selenium is 50-100 times more powerful than Vitamin E.)


Sources of Selenium

Good sources include cold water fish and raw brazil nuts, Whole organic
grains and brown rice contain significant proportions, but levels vary,
depending on the soil content of the area in which they are grown.
However,remember that selenium is also *lost* in processing. Brown rice
has fifteen times higher levels than white rice and wholemeal organic
bread has almost twice the levels of white bread.

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Brazil Nut: Anti Cancer, Antioxidant & Immuno-Stimulant.
--------------------------------------------------------------------This
is one of the richest sources of selenium and vitamin E -
powerful antioxidants with anti-aging properties that can help
guard against many disorders including cancer and heart disease.

The brazil nut is also extremely nutritious with high levels of
protein, unsaturated fat,selenium, zinc and other minerals, plus
substantial quantities of vitamins E and B-complex.
But it is the combination of vitamin E with selenium that gives the nut
its special immune-enhancing properties.

These two antioxidants work together each improving the performance
of the other to boost immune system function.

Antioxidants prevent cell damage by "mopping up" harmful free radicals
thus preventing the reactions that can damage DNA.

Accumulated damage by free radicals is known to be an important factor
in ageing and disease and the role of antioxidants in the prevention of
illness is well recognised.

Antioxidants play a preventative role in many conditions including:
Asthma, heart disease, immune-dificiency disorders and cancer.

Selenium enhances immunity by activating an enzyme which inhibits
selenium levels. This in turn affects the immune system
because a low level of selenium affects the normal anti-body responses
to infection.

So even a moderate increase in selenium intake - a few nuts each
day for instance - is beneficial to the body's self defence
mechanisms and can help to reduce the risks of:
Cancer, heart disease and fungal infections, such as candidiasis.
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Ex-smokers may benefit from selenium
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Ex-smokers may benefit from selenium
From the Science & Technology Desk

http://www.annieappleseedproject.org/selprotefine.html

MAASTRICHT, Netherlands, Nov. 1 (UPI) -- Selenium appears to have a
protective effect against bladder cancer among some former smokers, a
study completed in the Netherlands reported Friday.

Smokers with the highest selenium levels in their toenails who had quit
smoking in the last 10 years were only 30 percent as likely to develop
invasive carcinomas of the bladder compared with former smokers with low
levels of the mineral, researchers said. However, nonsmokers, current
smokers and smokers who had quit for more than 10 years showed no
benefit associated with higher levels of selenium.

"We have found an inverse relation between selenium intake and the risk
of bladder cancer among former smokers," lead investigator Maurice P.A.
Zeegers, assistant professor of epidemiology at Maastricht University,
told United Press International.

Smoking causes certain key molecules in cells to lose electrons, a
process called oxidation. The oxidized molecules become more reactive in
the body in a destructive way.

Selenium counters the molecules and therefore said to have an
antioxidant effect, Zeegers explained. Nonsmokers show much less benefit
from selenium exposure because they have not been exposed to the
oxidative stress of smoking, he said.

As reported in the November issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and
Prevention, the research is based on a 6-year study of 121,000 men and
women, ages 55 to 69, as part of broader research on cancer and diet.
Risk factors for cancer -- including diet and exposure to industrial
chemicals -- and smoking history were recorded for each person and
toenail clippings were collected and analyzed.

Toenails provide a more accurate estimate of body levels and dietary
intake of selenium than blood serum levels, which can fluctuate,
according to the study.



Before drawing any general conclusions about selenium and its effects on
bladder cancer, researchers need to conduct randomized studies, in which
relatively similar groups either received or did not receive the
mineral, Goodman and Schoenberg both said.
However, previous studies have linked diets high in selenium with lower
incidences of lung, colorectal and prostate cancers.

Selenium is found in cold water fish, organic whole grain
cereals,organic eggs and some raw nuts and seeds. Brazil nuts in
particular contain high levels. Selenium also is sold as a dietary
supplement in pill form.

(Reported by Joe Grossman, UPI Science News, in Santa Cruz, Calif.)

[forestdale]

thanks for this. I take 50 mcgs of selenium everyday with my vitamin - it's a super one a day, which I take two of. I also eat most of the things high in natural selenium - brazils, organic eggs, seaweed, wheatgerm, etc.

That bloke from melbourne should know that he can import any natural remedy or vitamin into the country if it's for his own use or the use of this immediate family.

[guest2]

Thanks for this great article! DH and I have been talking about taking this in supplement form because I know we are not getting enough of it in our diet.