Ruj, I used to be able to dig a lot in the garden, even got a tiller, but my old joints can't handle it any more. We have compost bins and add buckets of it to the garden every spring. Compost is best for clay soils like ours, adds nutrients and helps break up the clay. I do pretty well with shallow root plants like garlic, radishes, lettuce, spinach, peppers, peas, and herbs. Surprisingly, beets do ok, and short variety carrots. I'm going to plant beets, but carrots are too cheap to bother with. My tomatoes are always late, too, but that may be me. I don't start them early and I don't like to plant them before May.
I haven't had much luck with pots on the deck. Large pots are expensive, then there's the cost of dirt to fill them (because the stuff in the yard is no good and full of weeds). It's so hot in summer that even if I water in the morning the plants are wilting by dinner time, the pots just can't hold enough moisture. I don't have time to be checking 2-3 times a day, not to mention going in and out several times during the hottest part of the day.
Maybe you could do a small temporary greenhouse tent for a couple months? Now that I think about it, DH bought an extra for his 3d printers, and it wasn't large enough and it's still in a box in the garage. Heh, I have a plan....